In this chapter, author introduced the user interface which should help users to express their information needs and formulate queries. This chapter talks about recent development in this area.
There are three design rules for users:
- Offer informative feedback
- Reduce working memory load
- Provide alternative interfaces for novice and expert users
- Information access interfaces must contend with specialkinds of simplicity/power trade
How to judge a interactive system
An important aspect of human-computer interaction is the methodology for evaluation of user interface techniques. Precision and recall measures have been widely used for comparing the ranking results of non-interactive systems, but are less appropriate for assessing interactive systems. The standard evaluations emphasize high recall levels; in the TREC tasks systems are compared to see how well they return the top 1000 documents.
The procedure to process interaction system:
- Start with an information need
- Select a system and a collection to search on
- Formulate a query
- Send the query to the system
- Receive the results in the form of information items
- Scan, evaluate, and interpret the results
- Either stop, or,
- Reformulate the query and go to step 4
About the starting points:
One study found that for non-expert users the results of clustering were difficult to use, and that graphical depictions (for example, representing clusters with circles and lines connecting documents) were much harder to use than textual representations (for example, showing titles and topical words, as in Scatter/Gather), because documents' contents are difficult to discern without actually reading some text .
About the query specification:
Boolean queries are problematic because the basic syntax is counter-intuitive.
Solutions to solve this problem are :1. allow users to choose from a selection of common simple ways of combining query terms 2. provide a simpler or more intuitive syntax.
One study found that for non-expert users the results of clustering were difficult to use, and that graphical depictions (for example, representing clusters with circles and lines connecting documents) were much harder to use than textual representations (for example, showing titles and topical words, as in Scatter/Gather), because documents' contents are difficult to discern without actually reading some text .
About the query specification:
Boolean queries are problematic because the basic syntax is counter-intuitive.
Solutions to solve this problem are :1. allow users to choose from a selection of common simple ways of combining query terms 2. provide a simpler or more intuitive syntax.
Visualization For Text Mining:
One of the most common strategies used in text mining is to identify important entities within the text and attempt to show connections among those entities.
Visualizing Document Concordances And Word Frequencies
In the field of literature analysis it is commonplace to analyze a text or a collection of texts by extracting a concordance : an alphabetical index of all the words in a text, showing those words in the contexts in which they appear. The standard way to view the concordance is to place the word of interest in the center of the view with “gutters” on either side, and then sort the surrounding text in some way.
Visualizing Literature And Citation Relationships
This information is used to assess the importance of the authors, the papers, and the topics in the field, and how these measures change over time.
Some more recent approaches have moved away from nodes-and-links in order to break the interesting relationships into pieces and show their connections via brushing-and-linking interactions.
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